Heart Disease

HEART FAILURE

Heart failure refers to the condition in which the heart is not pumping as much blood as it should and so the body does not get as much blood and oxygen that it needs. The malfunctioning of the heart may be due to damage caused by one or more of the following reasons. Coronary artery disease (narrowed or blocked arteries leading to the muscle of your heart), High blood pressure, Heart valve disease (leaky or stiff heart valves due to past rheumatic fever, birth defect, or infected valves), Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), Idiopathic disease and excess alcohol. Blood backs up in the veins, causing a build up leading to swelling in the feet, ankles and legs called edema. Too much fluid when gets build up in the lungs it leads to pulmonary congestion. The outcome is the shortness of breath while lying down. A feeling of being too tired, swelling in the feet, gain in weight from fluid built up and an inability to think clearly. Technically speaking heart attack is an acute heart failure.

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged, thickened or stiffened. The enlarged heart as it gets weakened is not able to pump blood and oxygen to meet the body's requirement efficiently. This improper heart functioning can affect the lungs, liver and other body systems. Among the various types of cardiomyopathy, this form involving the increased heart mass is the most common one. There are many causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. These include nutritional deficiencies, valvular heart disease, stress, anemia, alcoholism and coronary artery disease. Though it can affect anyone of any age, yet it is most common in adult men. The risk factors include obesity, alcoholism, use of cocaine and a personal or family history of cardiac disorders.

HEART VALVE DISEASE

The heart has two halves, a left and a right each with two chambers - the atrium and the ventricle. In between the chambers are the heart valves which ensure that blood runs in one direction. There are in all four valves in the heart which act like one-way doors. The heart valves open and close with each beat of heart and control the direction of blood flow. The valves can be diseased or damaged due to congenital abnormality, rheumatic fever, infection, or the aging process, there may be disruption of the blood flow through the heart. The leaking of the valves can be due to bacterial infection or inflammation of a valve, excessive floppiness of the leaflets and the enlargement of the heart. When this happens, the heart is forced to work harder, to try to get the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of your body, and you may experience chest pains, shortness of breath, dizziness, become easily fatigued, or experience other symptoms. Mostly, the aortic and mistral valves are most often affected.

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Hyper tropic cardiomyopathy is a form of cardiomyopathy in which the heart muscles becomes too thick. The thickening makes it tougher for the heart to work. The condition is considered to be accumulation of several defects that control the heart muscle growth. This causes the size of one of the heart chambers to shrink making the heart work harder to pump the blood. This may even completely block the normal flow of blood out of the heart. It may also make it tough for the heart valves that control the direction of blood flow to work. The symptoms for the disease may include one or more of the following: chest pain, light- headedness, dizziness, fainting, sensation of feeling heart burn, shortness of breath.

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

Restrictive cardiomyopathy refers to a condition in which the heart muscles gets stiff and further cannot fully expand to allow enough blood enter the lower chambers. Due to this reason the ventricles cannot fully expand and so the blood that normally enters the heart backs up in the circulatory system. In restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart is normal in size or only slightly enlarged. Restrictive cardiomyopathy can affect either or both ventricles. Mostly people with restrictive cardiomyopathy eventually develop heart failure. The most common causes are amyloidosis and myocardial fibrosis i.e. a scarring of the heart of unknown cause.

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Congenital heart disease refers to the defect or malformation in one or more structures of the heart or blood vessels that occurs before birth. These occur while the fetus is developing in the uterus and affecting 8-10 out of every 1,000 children. Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at birth, during childhood and sometimes not until adulthood. The factors that is associated with an increased chance of getting congenital heart disease. These risk factors includes: The genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the child such as down syndrome, taking certain medications or alcohol or drug abuse during pregnancy, maternal viral infections such as rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy. The most common congenital heart problems include: narrowing of the valves or complete closure that impedes or prevents forward blood flow. Other valve defects include leaky valves that don't close properly and allow blood to leak backwards, defects in the walls between the atria and ventricles of the heart and heart muscle abnormalities.

HEART MUSCLE DISEASE

The heart muscle disease is a progressive heart disease in which the heart abnormally enlarged or thickened and/or stiffened. The heart muscle gets weakened and so the ability to pump the blood into the lungs or rest of the body. Generally this condition begins in the heart's lower chambers (the ventricles), but in severe cases can affect the upper chambers or atria as well. There are three main types of muscle disease all of which can cause a heart attack. The most common being the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the biggest cause of sudden death in young people under thirty years of age. The other two are dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The warning signs of heart muscle disease are sudden loss of consciousness, pain in chest, rapid palpitations and the feeling of breathlessness. Primary cardiomyopathy has no specific cause or reason while secondary cardiomyopathy might be caused due to hypertension, heart valve disease affecting areas other than the heart.

PERICARDIAL DISEASE

Pericardial disease, or pericarditis, is inflammation of any of the layers of the pericardium. The pericardium is a thin fibrous membrane sac that surrounds the heart. The pericardium helps keep the heart in position, prevent the heart from overfilling with blood, and protect the heart from being damaged by chest infections. Normally, the pericardium contains just enough lubricating fluid between its two layers for them to slide easily over one another. There is very little space between the two layers. Though the pericardium is not essential to life yet if the pericardium is removed, there is little measurable effect on the heart's performance .Sometimes, the pericardium is missing at birth or has defects, such as weak spots or holes. These defects can be dangerous because the heart or a major blood vessel may bulge through a hole in the pericardium and become trapped. In such cases, death can occur in minutes. Therefore, these defects are usually surgically repaired; if repair is not feasible, the whole pericardium may be removed. Other diseases of the pericardium may result from infections, injuries, or spread of cancer.

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